In the present study, the effect of B. subtilis (107cfu/gm) supplemented to the basal diet of two groups of New Zealand rabbit of 28 days (n=15/group) on the count of commensal microflora ( Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli spp.) and some opportunistic pathogens (E. coli and C. perfringens type A) in the rabbit caeci was investigated. Results indicated that the count of Bifidobacteria and Lactobacilli spp. are significantly increased at all intervals (7, 14, 28 and 40 days post supplementation) in the supplemented group compared with non-supplemented group with P< 0.001. On the other hand, there is a significant decrease in the count of E. coli and C. perfringens specially at 40 days post supplementation from (5.8 log 10 cfu ±0.06) to (3.1 log 10 cfu ±0.07) and from (4.8 log 10 cfu ±0.09) to (2.3 log 10 cfu ±0.09) respectively with P< 0.001. B. subtilis proved to be tolerant to the simulated gastric and intestinal juice for one hour (100% tolerance). However, after two hours, the tolerance to the gastric juice decreased to 70%, with no effect of the artificial intestinal juice on the viability of the organism. In vitro, the antimicrobial effect of B. subtilis on C. perfringens type A by well diffusion method showed an inhibition zone of 10 mm. Results of in vitro effect of B. subtilis on C. perfringens count showed that at 103 dilutions of C. perfringens, its count was reduced 2.1×105 to 3×104 after adding B. subtilis, while at dilution of 102, the count was reduced from 2.4×105 to 7×103cfu/ml after adding B. subtilis. It could be concluded that B. subtilis can be used as a probiotic in rabbits ration due to its ability to increase the commensal microflora count beside its antibacterial effect against some opportunistic pathogens.

This study aimed to determine the proper sperm dose per laparoscopic intrauterine insemination (LAI) in Zaraiby goats. Thirty-six Zaraiby goats, two Zaraiby and two Boer bucks were used in the study. Does were divided into six groups; the first three groups were inseminated laparoscopically with frozen-thawed Zaraiby semen either at doses of 10 x 106 (GP1), 20 x 106 (GP 2), or 40 x 106 (GP 3). The other three groups were inseminated with Boer semen with the same doses (GP 4, 5 &6). Results showed that goats laparoscopically inseminated with 20 x 106 Zaraiby spermatozoa or 10 x 106 Boer sperm cells both had the highest (P =0.05) pregnancy rate (about 70% and 60%, respectively). The multiple birth rate in goats inseminated by Boer bucks spermatozoa were generally higher than those inseminated with Zaraiby bucks spermatozoa (66.67 to 100.00% vs. 25.00 to 40.00%, respectively). In conclusion, the LAI is an efficient means of achieving high fertilization rates in goats. The recommended minimum necessary dose for laparoscopic artificial insemination in Zaraiby is 10 ×106 and 20×106 motile Boer and Zaraiby buck spermatozoa, respectively.

Effects of non-steroidal aromatase inhibitor letrozole on ovarian function in ewe were investigated through testing the hypothesis that letrozole will arrest the growth of dominant follicles, resulting in the emergence of a new follicular wave at a predictable post-treatment interval. Treatment ewes (n = 10) were treated using an intravaginal sponge (regardless of the stage of estrus) containing 7.5 mg letrozole for five days followed by prostaglandin injection. The control group (n = 10) was treated with gonadotropin prostaglandin gonadotropin (GPG) protocol for ovarian synchronization. Ovarian structures were daily monitored with trans rectal ultrasonography concomitant with blood sampling. Commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay Kits assigned steroid concentration of estradiol, testosterone and progesterone. Some biochemical parameters including blood glucose, total proteins, lipid profiles were measured as a preliminary screening for the effect of applied letrozole treatment on ewes general health condition. Treatment with letrozole decreased serum concentrations of estradiol during sponge insert in the vagina while its concentration increased following removal correlated with the number of ovulatory follicles. On the other hand, the concentration of Progesterone increased correlated with increased number and diameter of corpora lutea resulting from increased diameter and number of ovulatory follicles. The onset of estrus was about 54.00 ± 0.40 hrs. After sponge removal and continued for 25.17 ± 0.24 hrs. Ovulation was synchronous and occurred at 78.70 ± 0.21 hrs after sponge removal. There was no effect of letrozole treatment on measured metabolic parameters. We concluded that letrozole proved to have potential as a non-steroidal treatment for controlling ovarian function and onset of estrus in the ewe.

Nanotechnology is a fast-growing technology because of It is capable of solving many problems related to animal production and health and plays important roles in the veterinary medicine field. Nanoparticles are characterized by minimal size, it has a role in the improvement of drug delivery, animal health and production. Also used as alternative antimicrobial agents inspect of using large amounts of antibiotics, new drug and vaccine as delivery agents with improved characteristic and performance, diagnostic therapeutic, nutrient delivery, feed additive, biocidal agents and increase the quality of food by using many kinds of nanoparticles such as a polymeric nanoparticle, liposomes, dendrimers and metal nanoparticles. Nanonephrology is a branch of nanomedicine deals with the study of kidney proteins at the nano level and study of cellular structure and process that happened in the kidney with the help of imaging by nano technique and with use of very little size (nano size) particle in treatment of kidney disorder which include acute and chronic kidney disease. With the help of nanotechnology, we replace kidney transplantations and dialysis with low cost and safe animal and human life. Nanonephrology gives us information of molecular structure at the cellular level in normal kidneys functions and at pathological state by studying the chemical and physical characteristic of kidneys proteins and cells at the atomic level by design and structure of nanoparticles that will be matched to the renal cells thus safely and easily perform their function in the kidney. The advantages of nanonephrology in nanomedicine are focused on renal nano diagnostics for studies of basic renal function and early diagnosis of acute and chronic kidney disorders.

Coronaviruses are large, enveloped and single-stranded, non-segmented with positive sense RNA virus belong to Nidovirus, family Coronavirirdae and included two subfamilies Orthocoronavirinae and Letovirinae. There are four genera variable in antigenestic characteristic and cross-reactivity (Alpha-coronavirus, Beta-coronavirus, Gamma-coronavirus and Delta-coronavirus) affect mammals and birds while Bafinivirus affect fish and cause different diseases in the vertebrate animals and human, so this review listed most important diseases in some animals which cause economic problems as in the avian cause infectious bronchitis(IB), in the bovine cause diseases in both bowl and respiratory system, Enteric form Disease in the equine, two forms of diseases have been occurred in the feline ( feline enteric coronavirus and feline infectious peritonitis), in canine cause enteric and respiratory syndroms while in the porcine the diseases occur as are Transmissible gastroenteritis virus (TGEV), porcine epidemic diarrhoea virus (PEDV), and porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV).Also corona viruses affect aquatic animals and cause general clinical signs in fish. Some of these pathogens transmitted from camel and bates and causes diseases for human as SARS, MERS and SARS-2.From these review the conclusion is the hygiene practices and biosecurity are more important to prevent the emerging diseases in both human and animals cause by coronavirus.

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccine does not afford early effective protection until adaptive immune protection caused by the vaccination occurs. Therefore, an alternative prophylactic application of antiviral agents for inhibition of the FMD virus is needed, and this is the scope of this study. In this study, we tested nine adamantane-pyrazole derivatives that could exhibit antiviral activity against FMDV infection either in vitro through baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21 cells) infected with FMD virus serotypes O pan Asia. Cytotoxicity Concentration 50 (CC50) activity of pyrazole derivatives (1, 2, 3, 4, 5a,b, 6a-c) were detected on BHK-21 cells and ranged between 500 to 3000µg/ml. Inhibitory Concentration 50 (IC50) on BHK-21 was achieved only for the most promising three derivatives 6a-c and exhibited an antiviral activity with a therapeutic index of 30, and that was reflected on the antiviral activity response in baby mice with different concentrations where a concentration of 50 µg/ml for pyrazole derivatives 6a and 6c compounds and 40 µg/ml for bis-tolyl pyrazole 6b that achieve 100% protection and this results was as effective as 50 µg/ml of amantadine. Specifically, diaryl pyrazole derivatives 6a-c that protected for six days following FMDV challenge. These results suggested that pyrazole derivatives 6a-c could be used as an effective antiviral agent against FMD virus infection. Molecular docking simulation of the target compounds 6a-c had good binding energy and the tested compounds recommended being an excellent 3C protease inhibitor compared to Amantadine and Ribavirin. These ?ndings may explain the antiviral activity of the target compounds.

Stem cell therapy is considered an important and innovative tool for applied research in andrology, especially in infertility; therefore, it was later adapted as potential therapeutic agents. This study aimed to evaluate rat mononuclear bone marrow cells ability to recover testis cells in cyclophosphamide (CTX)-treated rats and to assess its effects on hormonal and histopathological changes. The bone marrow cells were harvested from femurs and tibias of rats and purified by a Histopaque gradient. Mononuclear bone marrow cells transplantation was performed by intravenous injection of cells in cyclophosphamide-treated animals. Three weeks after transplantation, blood samples were collected and analyzed for hormonal assay. In addition, the testes were collected for histological and histopathological determination. The results depicted that the serum levels of all tested hormones were significantly different among the three experimental groups G1 (control, healthy animals), G2 (CTX induced infertility and untreated) and G3 (CTX induced infertility and treated with stem cells). FSH and LH levels were significantly increased in G2 (CTX) compared to G1 and G3. Total and free testosterone levels were slightly higher in G3 compared to G2. Mononuclear bone marrow cell transplantation promoted cellular reorganization of the seminiferous epithelium. Also, spermatogenesis regeneration was improved. In conclusion, bone marrow stem cells can regenerate the damaged testicular elements and hence restore hormonal regulation in cyclophosphamide treated rat. Therefore, the treatment of male infertility and testosterone deficiency could be therapeutically treated by using stem cells.

Many Mule, Muscovy, and Bikini duck flocks in different duck-producing regions in Egypt have shown signs of a new disease designated "short beak and dwarfism syndrome" (SBDS) since 2015. The ducks with SBDS showed strong growth retardation with beak atrophy, enteritis, and paralysis. Although the mortality rate was 2%–8% in affected flocks, the morbidity rate was 20%–50% and even 80% in some regions. The disease is characterized by dyspraxia, weight loss, a protruding tongue, and high morbidity and low mortality rates. To characterize the etiological agent, a virus was isolated from the allantoic fluid following serial passage in embryonated duck eggs. This virus causes a cytopathic effect in duck embryo fibroblast (DEF) cells. Using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the isolate was positive for the antigen of goose parvovirus (GPV). The bovine sperm agglutination test indicated that the virus was most closely related to GPV strain. Together, these data indicated that the isolated virus from mule ducks with SBDS disease is a GPV-related parvovirus causing and that it is divergent from classical GPV isolates.

An interesting finding that emerged from the study was the difference in potency between inactivated rabies vaccines prepared in liquid and lyophilized forms. Inactivated rabies vaccine prepared from BHK21 infected cell culture in the two forms revealed that its immunogenicity was completely preserved on lyophilization. The two vaccine formulae were found to be free from foreign contaminants, safe in both inoculated mice and puppies and potent inducing high levels of specific rabies antibodies in vaccinated puppies. Such antibodies were increased gradually from the first-week post-vaccination to the same extent in the blood of immunized puppies with the lyophilized vaccine as in that of puppies immunized with liquid vaccine. These results confirmed the claim that inactivated rabies vaccines could be lyophilized with retention of potency. Considering the possible value of a stable, freeze-dried rabies vaccine that could be stored and transported with ease, it was considered desirable to confirm the above findings.

This study aimed to validate the effectiveness of electroacupuncture (EA), detomidine plus electroacupuncture and detomidine alone for laparoscopy in goats in terms of physiological variables, vital parameters, CBC and pain threshold. Fifteen healthy adult bucks divided into 3 groups (5 bucks/group); (group I) received electroacupuncture at 10 newly selected acupoints, (group II) get electroacupuncture plus detomidine and (group III) administered detomidine alone. The obtained data (M ±SD) were assessed at intervals (0 min.) before induction, (5 min.), (10 min.), (15 min.) and (20 min.) during induction, (30 min.), (45 min.) and (60 min.) throughout surgery and (24 hr) post-surgery, cortisol levels in serum at (0), (24 hr), and (72 hr) throughout laparoscopy. Group (I) showed improvement of the rates of eyelid closure, head and neck relaxation, rumen motility, and tympany. The respiratory rates, the body temperatures and capillary fill times for the three groups were not significantly different. Hematocrit, Hemoglobin, RBCs, Platelets and oxygen saturation (SpO2) were significant. ALT and AST showed no significance. Cortisol and pain threshold showed significant difference. Thus, electroacupuncture could be recommended for goat laparoscopic surgery as it works more potent and achieves sufficient abdominal anaesthesia superior to the other two regimes.